(author of) introduction, introduced by, introduction illustrated (by), illustrator, illustration(s) id est ‘that is.’ Rarely capitalized no space between set off by commas. Not to be introduced by “in.” May be followed by page number(s) preceded by “p.” or “pp.” Avoid using ibid. ibidem ‘in the same place,’ i.e., the single title cited in the note immediately preceding. HMSO Her (His) Majesty’s Stationary Office GPO Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. But exact references are preferable: pp. 53–58 instead of pp. 53 ff.įloruit ‘flourished, reached greatest development or influence.’ Used before dates of historical figures when birth and death dates are not known. and the following (with a space after a numeral) pages(s) or line(s). et cetera ‘and so forth.’ Avoid using in text. et sequens, sequential ‘and the following.’ But see “f., ff.”Įtc. exempli gratia ‘for example.’ Rarely capitalized no space between set off by commas. editio citata ‘edition cited.’ Avoid using.Į.g. choreographed by, choreographer(s)ĭA, DAI Dissertation Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts InternationalĮd., eds. confer ‘compare.’ Never use “cf.” when “see” is intended. circa ‘about.’ Used with approximate dates (c. 1796)Ĭf. British Museum, London (now British Library). bibliography, bibliographer, bibliographicalīiog. No space between follows numerals (19 B.C.). “B.C.”Īnte ‘before.’ But “before” is preferred.ī.C. anno Domini ‘in the year of the Lord,’ No space between precedes numerals (A.D. This convention has been widely applied to many common abbreviations of Latin words (A.D., p.m., P.S., cf., e.g., etc., i.e., viz., vs.) and by most instructors and scholarly writers to some of the abbreviations used in scholarship (et seq., q.v., s.v.).Ĥ8 List of Common Abbreviations and Reference WordsĪ.D. Instead, abbreviate common words in order to save space.Īs noted above (§10h), accepted style has long been to unquoted foreign words and phrases in an English text but not to such words when familiarity and continued use have added them to the English stock.
(…) Unless your intended audience is familiar with these acronyms, do not use them.
#2 LETTER ABBREVIATIONS FOR WORDS PROFESSIONAL#
Professional scholars in all disciplines tend to refer to journals and reference works within their discipline by acronyms: CBEL for Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature JEGP for Journal of English and Germanic Philology. Generally speaking, in citing periodicals, abbreviate only those titles likely to be familiar to the reader. It should be noted that some journals-among others, ELH and PMLA-have initial letter abbreviations (without periods) as actual titles and also that most journals with single-word titles ( Speculum) have no widely accepted abbreviations. Biog. is equally correct OED, formerly known as N.E.D. Abbreviations with more than two letters and those omitting periods are never spaced practice with regard to two-letter abbreviations with periods varies.Ī tendency in documentation is to omit periods in abbreviations consisting of initials of well-known periodicals ( TLS for Times Literary Supplement), learned societies and professional organizations (AMA, ACLS), and books ( DND, not DNB., although D.N.B. or Dict. … Abbreviations that end in a small letter are followed by a period. In notes and bibliographies, use common abbreviations of dates (Feb., 18th century), of institutions (Acad., Assn., Coll., Dept., Inst., Soc., Univ.), of publications (Bull., Diss., Jour., Mag.), and of states and countries ( Fla. Economy of space is important, but clarity more so. Achtert (New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1977), pp. 122–133.Ĭommon sense should guide the use of abbreviations in notes and bibliographies. The following is an excerpt from the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, ed.